Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor mixtures

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to agricultural mixtures comprising a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I), 
                         
(I and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system. The present invention is further directed to methods of increasing the activity of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) with the mixtures of the present invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to agricultural mixtures useful for controlling undesirable plants, and methods of use thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Unwanted plants, such as weeds, reduce the amount of resources available to crop plants and can have a negative effect on crop plant yield and quality. Unwanted plants in crop plant environments include broadleaves, grasses and sedges.

Herbicides are used to control weeds in crop environments. Herbicides are expensive, and their use may result in unintentional consequences such as groundwater contamination, environmental damage, herbicide-resistant weeds, and/or human and mammalian health concerns. It is therefore desirable to minimize the amount of herbicides applied to a crop-growing environment or any area in need of weed control.

Weeds may greatly reduce yields of crop plants. For example, a weed infestation reportedly was responsible for an 80% reduction in soybean yields. Bruce, J. A., and J. J. Kells, Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis) control in no-tillage soybeans (Glycine max) with preplant and preemergence herbicides, Weed Technol. 4:642-647 (1990). Therefore, controlling weeds is a major concern of crop growers.

Further, weeds are becoming resistant to the widely-used herbicide glyphosate. As early as 2000, glyphosate-resistant horseweed was reported in Delaware. Glyphosate-resistant horseweed has since been reported in numerous states. Accordingly, there is a need for new products that can provide effective kill rates of glyphosate-resistant weeds.

Weeds are also becoming resistant to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (“PPOase”). Weeds have also been reported to be resistant to 2,4-D and dicamba. Accordingly, there is a need for new technology to control weeds that are resistant to commercially available herbicides.

In most fields throughout the Midwest and Mid-South, in-crop burndown applications are the only options for controlling weeds due to weather and timeliness of applications. Growers often find an active ingredient that is effective and then use it repeatedly. Eventually, the weeds become resistant to the active ingredient which leaves no alternatives for weed control other than mechanical removal. Mechanical removal of weeds requires extensive use of resources and is not an option for no-till or highly erodible land.

No-till farming has been increasing in popularity because it has many benefits, including decreased labor time and decreased soil erosion. However, one of the downsides of no-till farming is that weeds are harder to control in these areas because they are not subjected to tilling. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for alternative ways to handle weed infestation.

PPOase inhibitors are light activated herbicides. PPOase inhibitors work by inhibiting PPOase, which is a key enzyme in the synthesis of porphyrin containing compounds (e.g. chlorophyll and cytochrome). The inhibition of PPOase leads to both a lack of proper chlorophyll production and also an accumulation of protoporphyrin, which when exposed to light interacts with molecular O2 to produce single oxygen atoms that are highly toxic to cells.

Herbicides are often mixed with adjuvants to increase their effectiveness. Common adjuvants include crop oil concentrate, and “premium” adjuvant systems such as Dyne-a-Pak (available from Helena Chemical Company) which includes a proprietary blend of alkoxylated triglycerides, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate. It is unpredictable which adjuvants out of the hundreds available would enhance the effectiveness of any herbicide against specific weeds. Further, even if an adjuvant provides increased efficacy against the weeds, it must also not increase phytotoxicity to the crop plant.

In summary, there is a need for a composition that reduces the amount of herbicides necessary to obtain sufficient weed control while minimizing the harm to crop plants. As more weeds become resistant to herbicides, alternative compositions with high weed control are desired. Further, as no-till farming continues to increase in popularity, there is a greater need for effective herbicides. A composition with effective weed control and lower dosage rate will lead to increased crop plant yields, and decreased environmental, human, and mammalian health concerns.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to agricultural mixtures comprising a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I),

(I), wherein R is selected from a group consisting of a hydroxyl, a methoxy and an ethoxy, X is selected from the group consisting of CH and nitrogen, and Z is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or a salt thereof, and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling weeds comprising applying the mixtures of the present invention to the area in need of weed control.

In yet another aspect, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling unwanted rice or peanut growth by applying the mixtures of the present invention to the area in need of rice or peanut growth control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It was unexpected that the mixtures of the present invention would provide superior control of some plants and increase the performance of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. This finding was not predictable because, as illustrated in Table 2 below, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system provided better efficacy than other high-cost or “premium” adjuvant systems (for example, compare treatment 2 with treatment 3). Further, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system provided improved efficacy when combined with some herbicides, but not all. For example, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system did not improve the efficacy of lactofen or flumioxazin but unexpectedly improved the efficacy of ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) (compare treatments 5 and 11 with treatment 3).

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to agricultural mixtures comprising a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein, or a salt thereof, and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

In a preferred embodiment, the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate);

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate benzene derivative);

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate methyl ester);

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate benzene derivative methyl ester);

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate carboxylic acid); and

(ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate benzen derivative carboxylic acid);

In a preferred embodiment, the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) is

In another preferred embodiment, the weight to volume ratio of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof to the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system is from about 1:1 to about 10,000. In a more preferred embodiment, the weight to volume ratio of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof to the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system is from about 1:10 to about 1:1,000. In an even more preferred embodiment, the weight to volume ratio of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof to the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system is from about 1:100 to about 1:500. In a most preferred embodiment, the weight to volume ratio of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof to the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system is about 1:189.

In another embodiment, the mixtures comprise from about 0.0001 to about 0.01% w/v of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises from about 0.001 to about 0.01% w/v of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises from about 0.005 to about 0.006% w/v of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof. In a most preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises about 0.0053% w/v of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof.

Suitable salts of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein include, but are not limited to, the ammonium salt, the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or calcium salts, organic amine salts or mixtures comprising any number of these. These examples of salts are not limiting as other salts may also be suitable for use in the present invention.

In a further embodiment, the mixtures comprise from about 0.1 to about 10% v/v of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system. In a preferred embodiment, the mixtures comprise from about 0.25 to about 2% v/v of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system. In a more preferred embodiment, the mixtures comprise from about 0.75 to about 1.5% v/v of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system and in a most preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises about 1% v/v of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system.

In an embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 80 to about 95% w/w of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture. In a preferred embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 85 to about 90% w/w of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture.

In an embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 0.5 to about 10% w/w of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt. In a preferred embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 2 to about 8% w/w of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt. In a more preferred embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 2 to about 6% w/w of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt.

In a preferred embodiment, the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium, sodium, potassium, or an amine salt. In a more preferred embodiment, the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt is calcium.

In another embodiment, the concentration of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt in the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent is from about 50 to about 70% w/w. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt in the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent is about 60%.

In an embodiment, the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent is an aromatic hydrocarbon. In a preferred embodiment, the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of xylene, phenylxylylethane, 2-ethyl hexanol and propylene glycol. In a more preferred embodiment, the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent is a mixture of 2-ethyl hexanol and propylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 1 to about 5% w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil. In a preferred embodiment, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 2 to about 4% w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil.

In an embodiment, the at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil is selected from the group consisting of castor oil, rapeseed oil, and linseed oil. In a preferred embodiment, the polyoxyethylene plant oil is castor oil. In a more preferred embodiment, the castor oil is polyoxyethylene (54) castor oil (54 moles of ethylene oxide).

In a further embodiment, the adjuvant system comprises from about 1 to about 5% w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester. In a preferred embodiment, the adjuvant system comprises from about 1.5 to about 3.5 w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

In an embodiment, the polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters are ethoxylated sorbitan esters of fatty acids. In a preferred embodiment, the fatty acids are derived from animal or plant sources. Suitable polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters include sorbitan monotallate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monomyristate, and sorbitan monolaurate. In a preferred embodiment, the polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester is sorbitan monotallate. In a more preferred embodiment, the polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester is POE(30) sorbitan monotallate (30 moles of ethylene oxide).

In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for increasing the activity of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein, or a salt thereof, by applying to an area in need of weed control a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

In an embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 1 to about 100 grams of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof per hectare. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 1 to about 50 grams of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof per hectare. In a more preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 5 to about 15 grams of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof per hectare. In a most preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of about 10 grams of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) as described herein or a salt thereof per hectare.

In a further embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 100 to about 20,000 milliliters of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system per hectare. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 1,000 to about 5,000 milliliters of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system per hectare. In a more preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of from about 1,500 to about 2,500 milliliters of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system per hectare. In a most preferred embodiment, the mixture is applied at a rate of about 1,900 milliliters of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system per hectare.

In another embodiment, the weed controlled is selected from the group consisting of Common Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyhylla), and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus).

In a further embodiment, the weed controlled is Common Barnyardgrass.

In a further embodiment, the weed controlled is Broadleaf Signalgrass.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling undesirable rice or peanut growth comprising applying a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I),

as described herein or a salt thereof and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system to an area in need of rice or peanut growth control, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

In a further embodiment, the area in need of rice or peanut or growth control is an area where soybeans cotton, or corn is growing.

The mixtures of the present invention can be applied post emergence and as a burndown treatment.

The herbicide mixtures of the present invention can be applied by any convenient means. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the modes of application that include foliar applications such as spraying, chemigation (a process of applying the mixture through the irrigation system), by granular application, or by impregnating the mixture on fertilizer.

The herbicide mixtures of the present invention can be prepared as concentrate formulations or as ready-to-use formulations. The mixtures can be tank mixed.

The herbicide mixtures of the present invention can be formulated to contain additional adjuvants, such as solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, defoamers, slip agents, humectants, dispersants, wetting agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, and preservatives which increase the long lasting activity of the actives. Other components that enhance the biological activity of these ingredients may optionally be included.

The herbicide mixtures of the present invention can also include one or more additional herbicides.

The mixtures of the present invention can be applied to any environment in need of weed or undesirable plant growth control. The environment in need of weed or undesirable plant growth control may include any area that is desired to have a reduced number of weeds or to be free of weeds. For example, the mixture can be applied to an area used to grow crop plants, such as a field, orchard, or vineyard. Applicant's mixtures and methods can be applied to areas where soybean, corn and cotton plants are growing. The compositions of the present invention can also be applied to non-agricultural areas in need of weed control such as a lawns, golf courses, or parks.

Applicant's mixtures and methods can be applied successfully to crop plants and weeds that are resistant to glyphosate, glufosinate, or other herbicides. The composition and methods can also be applied to areas where genetically modified crops (“GMOs”) or non-GMO crops are growing. The term “GMO crops” as used herein refers to crops that are genetically modified.

Throughout the application, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, “C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system” or “adjuvant system” refers to an adjuvant formulation comprising a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.

As used herein, “dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent” refers to a solvent that will dissolve a salt of dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

As used herein, “g ai/ha” is an abbreviation for grams of active ingredient per hectare.

As used herein, “% v/v” refers to the volume of the adjuvant used compared to the total volume of the mixture or adjuvant system.

As used herein, “% w/w” refers to the weight of the component compared to the total weight of the mixture or adjuvant system.

As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weight percentages and the like are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value, plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “at least 5.0% by weight” is to be understood as “at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the claims.

As used herein, “post emergence” refers to an herbicide treatment that is applied to an area after the weeds have germinated and emerged from the ground or growing medium.

As used herein, “burndown” refers to when an herbicide is used to reduce weed presence at the time of treatment. Burndown is often used in minimum or no-till fields because the weeds cannot be managed by tilling the soil. The burndown application may be used post-harvest and/or prior to crop emergence. Burndown is especially useful against weeds that emerge between growing seasons.

Applicant has referred to developmental stages in the following examples as “V” stages. The “V” stages are designated numerically as V1, V2, V3, etc. In this identification system of V(n), (n) represents the number of leaves with visible collars. Each leaf stage is defined according to the uppermost leaf whose leaf collar is visible.

These representative embodiments are in no way limiting and are described solely to illustrate some aspects of the invention.

Further, the following examples are offered by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1

An adjuvant system was prepared using the amounts of the components listed in Table 1 below. The components may be added in any order and should be mixed until homogeneous.

The C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters mixture (CAS 67762-38-3) used was CE-1618 (comprising 23 to 32% C16, 65 to 75% C18) and is available from Proctor and Gamble.

Witconate P-1220EH (available from AkzoNobel N.V.) was used as the source of the 60% calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in (25%) 2-ethyl hexanol and (15%) propylene glycol (CAS 26264-06-2).

Emulpon™ CO-550 (available from AkzoNobel N.V.) was used as the source of the POE(54) castor oil (CAS 61791-12-6).

Armotan® AL-69-66 (available from and a registered trademark of AkzoNobel N.V.) was used as the source of the sorbitan monotallate (CAS 68953-01-5).

TABLE 1 Component % w/w C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters mixture 88.3 60% Dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt in 2-ethyl hexanol and 6.2 propylene glycol (3.72 DDBs) POE(54) castor oil 2.9 POE(30) sorbitan monotallate 2.6 Total 100

Example 2

A field trial was conducted in Mississippi, United States, to evaluate the impact of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system on the effectiveness of several herbicides. Rice, soybeans, cotton, peanut and corn seeds were planted and irrigated on two days after planting. Seven days after planting there was good stand of all of the crops, except only 4 of the 9 rows of rice were visible. The weeds were about 3 centimeters tall at this time. The treatments in Table 2 below were applied 13 days after planting. The rate of each treatment is below in Table 2 and all of the adjuvant systems were mixed with the herbicides at a rate of 1% v/v.

At the time of treatment: Hemp Sesbania was at the V4 growth stage and from about 3 to 5 about inches tall; Ivyleaf Morningglory was at the V3 growth stage and from about 2 to about 4 inches tall; Common Barnyardgrass was at the V5 growth stage and from about 2.5 to about 6 inches tall; Palmer Amaranth was at the vegetative growth stage and from about 2 to about 7 inches tall; Yellow Nutsedge was at the V8 growth stage and from about 3 to about 6 inches tall; and Broadleaf Signalgrass was at the second true leaf growth stage and from about 2 to about 4 inches tall.

At the time of treatment: rice was at the first true leaf growth stage and from about 5 to 7 inches tall; soybeans were at the V2 growth stage and from about 5 to 7 inches tall; cotton was at the V2 growth stage and from about 5 to 7 inches tall; peanut was at the V5 growth stage and from about 3 to 5 inches tall; and corn was at the V3 growth stage and from about 9 to 12 inches tall.

The weeds were evaluated fourteen days after treatment.

The adjuvant system described in Example 1 above was used as the source of the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system used in this study.

League™ herbicide was used as the source of imazosulfuron. League™ is a 75% imazosulfuron water dispersible granule formulation available from Valent U.S.A. LLC.

Regiment® was used as the source of bispyribac-sodium. Regiment® is an 80% bispyribac-sodium formulation available from (and a registered trademark of) Valent U.S.A. LLC.

Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate was used as the source of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicide.

Cobra® herbicide was used as the source of lactofen. Cobra® is a 24% lactofen formulation available from (and a registered trademark of) Valent U.S.A. LLC.

Valor® herbicide was used as the source of flumioxazin. Valor® is a 51% flumioxazin water dispersible granule formulation available from (and a registered trademark of) Valent U.S.A. LLC.

Agridex® (available from and a registered trademark of Bayer CropSciences) was the source of the adjuvant comprising a proprietary blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers.

Dyne-a-Pak, available from Helena Chemical Company, was used as the source of the adjuvant comprising a proprietary blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate (CAS 5905-50106-AA).

TABLE 2 Treatment Herbicide and Adjuvant Rate (grams of ai per hectare) Sesbania, Hemp Morningglory Ivyleaf Barnyardgrass, Common 1 Untreated Control — 0 g 0 e 0 f 2 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro- 10 91.7 ab 92 ab 50 c 5-(1-methyl-6- trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin- 3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 3 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro- 10 96 ab 100 a 83.3 b 5-(1-methyl-6- trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin- 3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 4 Flumioxazin 71.5 100 a 80 bc 35 d Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 5 Flumioxazin 71.5 96.7 ab 69.3 c 20 e C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 6 Bispyribac-sodium 28 90.3 abc 33.3 d 93.3 ab Blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 7 Bispyribac-sodium 28 91.7 ab 41.7 d 100 a C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 8 Imazosulfuron 210 79.3 cd 85 abc 15 ef blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 9 Imazosulfuron 210 94 ab 90 ab 53.3 c C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 10 Lactofen 140 86.7 bcd 6.7 e 6.7 ef Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 11 Lactofen 140 78.3 d 3.3 e 3.3 f C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System Treatment Herbicide and Adjuvant Signalgrass, Broadleaf Amaranth, Palmer Nutsedge, Yellow 1 Untreated Control 0 e 0 g 0 g 2 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro- 50 b 99.3 a 20 fg 5-(1-methyl-6- trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin- 3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 3 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro- 75 a 100 a 13.3 fg 5-(1-methyl-6- trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin- 3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 4 Flumioxazin 20 d 99.3 a 55 cd Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 5 Flumioxazin 18.3 d 100 a 26.7 efg C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 6 Bispyribac-sodium 81.7 a 69.3 d 61.7 bc Blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 7 Bispyribac-sodium 85 a 76 c 50 cde C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 8 Imazosulfuron 18.3 d 51.7 f 90 a blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 9 Imazosulfuron 35 c 61.7 e 87.7 ab C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 10 Lactofen 0 e 85 b 31.7 def Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 11 Lactofen 0 e 89.3 b 18.3 fg C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System

Means followed by the same letter in each column do not significantly differ.

This study shows that the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system increases the effectiveness of ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate on Common Barnyardgrass and Broadleaf Signalgrass. This was unexpected because it did not increase the effectiveness of ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate on Hemp Sesbania, Ivyleaf Morningglory Yellow Nutsedge and Palmer Amaranth. Further, this was unexpected because the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system failed to increase the effectiveness of lactofen and flumioxazin.

In this study, phytotoxicity of the crops was also evaluated. Table 3 shows the results of these observations on rice, soybeans, cotton, peanut and corn.

TABLE 3 Treatment Herbicide and Adjuvant Rice Soybean Cotton Peanut Corn 1 Untreated Control 0 e 0 d 0 d 0 g 0 e 2 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl -6- 80 b 100 a 100 a 76.7 bc 93.3 a trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 3 Ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6- 99 a 100 a 100 a 90 a 96.7 a trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 4 Flumioxazin 21.7 d 45 b 100 a 61.7 d 31.7 c Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 5 Flumioxazin 43.3 c 46.7 b 100 a 56.7 d 31.7 c C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 6 Bispyribac-sodium 0 e 98.7 a 98.7 a 36.7 e 81.7 b Blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 7 Bispyribac-sodium 0 e 98.3 a 93.3 a 36.7 e 88.3 ab C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 8 Imazosulfuron 0 e 0 d 60 c 55 d 20 d blend of alkoxylated triglyceride, urea, ammonium nitrate, trisiloxane, methyl soyate, and the amine salt of alkyl ethoxylate phosphate 9 Imazosulfuron 0 e 0 d 66.7 bc 60 d 20 d C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System 10 Lactofen 23.3 d 16.7 c 71.7 b 8.3 fg 15 d Blend of heavy range, paraffin-based petroleum oil and nonionic emulsifiers 11 Lactofen 23.3 d 11.7 c 65 bc 11.7 f 15 d C16 to C18 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Adjuvant System

Means followed by the same letter in each column do not significantly differ.

As seen in Table 3 above, the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system of the present invention did not significantly increase phytotoxicity of ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate on corn, cotton or soybeans. It did, however, increase the phytotoxicity of ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate on rice, and peanut. Accordingly, the mixtures of the present invention are an effective treatment for removing undesired rice or peanut plants in areas where corn, cotton and soybeans are desired to grow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An agricultural mixture comprising a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I),

wherein R is selected from a group consisting of a hydroxyl, a methoxy and an ethoxy, X is selected from the group consisting of CH and nitrogen, and Z is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or a salt thereof, and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of at least one dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.
 2. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of


3. The mixture of claim 2 wherein the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) is


4. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) to the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system is from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000.
 5. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl esters adjuvant system comprises from about 0.5 to about 10% w/w of the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt.
 6. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt is calcium.
 7. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 1 to about 5% w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil.
 8. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the polyoxyethylene plant oil is castor oil.
 9. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the adjuvant system comprises from about 1 to about 5% w/w of the at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.
 10. The mixture of claim 1 wherein the polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester is sorbitan monotallate.
 11. A method of increasing the activity of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I),

wherein R is selected from a group consisting of a hydroxyl, a methoxy and an ethoxy, X is selected from the group consisting of CH and nitrogen, and Z is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or a salt thereof, by applying to an area in need of weed control a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) and a C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system, wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system comprises from about 60 to about 99% w/w of C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester mixture, from about 0.1 to about 5% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt, from about 0.5 to about 4% w/w of a dodecylbenzene sulfonate salt solvent, from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene plant oil, and from about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of at least one polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 1 to about 100 grams per hectare.
 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the C16 to C18 fatty acid methyl ester adjuvant system is applied at a rate of from about 1,000 to about 5,000 milliliters per hectare.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the weed controlled is selected from the group consisting of Common Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyhylla).
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the weed controlled is Common Barnyardgrass.
 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the weed controlled is Broadleaf Signalgrass. 